Vascular complications

Diabetic kidney disease

Microalbuminuria

• The 95th centile for albumin excretion in non-diabetic children is 7.2–7.6 µg/min
• Persistent microalbuminuria is defined in a minimum of two out of three consecutive urine specimens
  Albumin excretion rate (AER) 20–200 µg/min in timed overnight urine collections
  or
  AER 30–300 mg/24 h in 24-h urine collections
  
• Alternative definitions
  Albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) 2.5–25 mg/mmol (spot urine) (Europe)
  
  [3.5–25 mg/mmol has been proposed in females because of lower creatinine excretion]
  ACR 30–300 mg/g (spot urine) (North America)
  Albumin concentration 30–300 mg/l (early morning urine)