Careful and frequent clinical monitoring to detect warning signs
of complications is of paramount importance
Hourly
pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure
accurate fluid input and output (when level of consciousness is impaired a urinary catheter may be necessary). Test each urine specimen for glucose and ketones
Hourly or more frequent neurological observations
ECG monitoring in severe DKA to assess T-waves
[There is no evidence but it would seem logical after resuscitation to nurse patients with the head of the bed raised in an attempt to reduce CSF pressure]
Rehydration and insulin management
